Tuberculoza (TB) este o infectie bacteriana raspandita prin inhalarea picaturilor mici din tuse sau stranutul unei persoane infectate. Afecteaza in principal plamanii, dar poate afecta orice parte a corpului, inclusiv burta (abdomenul), glandele, oasele si sistemul nervos.
TBC este o afectiune potential grava, dar poate fi vindecata daca este tratata cu antibioticele potrivite
Simptomele TB
Simptomele tipice ale TBC includ:
- tuse persistenta care dureaza mai mult de 3 saptamani si care poate fi insotita de flegma, care poate fi sangeroasa.
- pierdere in greutate.
- transpiratii nocturne.
- temperatura ridicata.
- oboseala.
- pierderea poftei de mancare.
- umflaturi in gat.
Ar trebui sa vedeti un medic de familie daca aveti o tuse care dureaza mai mult de 3 saptamani sau daca tuseti sange.
Ce cauzeaza TBC?
TBC este o infectie bacteriana. TBC care afecteaza plamanii (TBC pulmonara) este cel mai contagios tip, dar de obicei se raspandeste numai dupa expunerea prelungita la cineva cu boala. La majoritatea oamenilor sanatosi, apararea naturala a organismului impotriva infectiilor si bolilor (sistemul imunitar) ucide bacteriile si nu exista simptome.
Uneori, sistemul imunitar nu poate ucide bacteriile, dar reuseste sa previna raspandirea acesteia in organism. Nu veti avea simptome, dar bacteriile vor ramane in corpul dumneavoastra. Acest lucru este cunoscut sub numele de TB latenta. Persoanele cu TBC latenta nu sunt infectioase pentru altii.
Daca sistemul imunitar nu reuseste sa omoare sau sa contina infectia, acesta se poate raspandi in plamani sau in alte parti ale corpului si simptomele se vor dezvolta in cateva saptamani sau luni. Aceasta este cunoscuta sub numele de TBC activa.
TBC latenta s-ar putea transforma intr-o boala activa a TBC odata cu trecerea timpului, in special daca sistemul imunitar va fi slabit.
Tratarea tuberculozei
Cu tratamentul recomandat de catre medic, TBC poate fi vindecata aproape intotdeauna. Un curs de antibiotice va trebui de obicei luat timp de 6 luni. Sunt utilizate mai multe antibiotice diferite, deoarece unele forme de TBC sunt rezistente la anumite antibiotice.
Daca sunteti infectat cu o forma de TB rezistenta la medicamente, poate fi necesar un tratament cu 6 sau mai multe medicamente diferite. Daca sunteti diagnosticat cu TBC pulmonar, veti fi contagios timp de aproximativ 2 pana la 3 saptamani in cursul tratamentului.
De obicei, nu va trebui sa fiti izolat in acest timp, dar este important sa luati cateva precautii de baza pentru a opri raspandirea infectiei la familia si prietenii dvs.
Cum ar trebui sa procedati!
In conditiile in care primiti diagnosticul de tuberculoza ar trebui sa procedati astfel:
- Nu mergeti la servici, scoala sau facultate pana cand medicul va sfatuieste sa va intoarceti in siguranta.
- Acoperiti-va intotdeauna gura cand tusiti, stranutati sau radeti.
- Aruncati cu atentie orice tesut uzat intr-o punga de plastic sigilata.
- Deschideti ferestrele atunci cand este posibil pentru a va asigura o cantitate buna de aer proaspat in zonele in care petreceti timpul.
- Evitati sa dormiti in aceeasi camera cu ceilalti oameni.
Daca sunteti in contact strans cu cineva care are TB, este posibil sa aveti nevoie de efectuarea unor teste pentru a vedea daca sunteti infectat. Acestea pot include un test cu raze X in zona pieptului , analize de sange, si un test de piele numit testul Mantoux.
Vaccinarea pentru TBC
Vaccinul BCG pentru protectia impotriva TBC este recomandat pe NHS pentru sugari, copii si adulti cu varsta sub 35 de ani care sunt considerati a fi expuse riscului de infectare.
Vaccinul BCG nu este administrat in mod obisnuit nimanui cu varsta peste 35 de ani, deoarece nu exista dovezi ca functioneaza pentru persoanele din aceasta grupa de varsta.
Grupurile cu risc includ:
- copiii care traiesc in zone cu rate ridicate de TBC.
- persoane cu membri apropiati ai familiei din tari cu rate mari de TB.
- oameni care merg sa locuiasca si sa lucreze cu localnici mai mult de 3 luni intr-o zona cu rate ridicate de TBC.
- Daca lucrati in domeniul sanatatii si intrati in contact cu pacienti cu tuberculoza, ar trebui sa vi se administreze un vaccin impotriva tuberculozei, indiferent de varsta, daca:
- nu ati fost vaccinat anterior.
- rezultatele unui test cutanat Mantoux sau al unui test de sange de interferon gamma TB (IGRA) sunt negative.
Acestea sunt asadar cele mai importante informatii despre tuberculoza pe care ar trebui sa le cunoastem cu totii la modul general.
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