Ce este si de ce apare insuficienta renala acuta?
Insuficienta renala acuta este cauzata de deteriorarea rinichilor, care poate aparea ca urmare a pierderii de sange, a toxinelor sau a deteriorarii rinichilor (deteriorarii fizice). Insuficienta renala acuta apare rapid, provocand simptome generalizate, cum ar fi greata si confuzie.
Este o afectiune grava, dar poate fi tratata, astfel ca majoritatea oamenilor pot supravietui unui episod de insuficienta renala acuta, fara consecinte pe termen lung.
Simptome de insuficienta renala acuta
Rinichiul monitorizeaza cantitatea de lichid, dar si electrolitii si deseurile din organism si trimite materialele in exces pentru a fi eliminate in urina.
De precizat este faptul ca simptomele de insuficienta renala acuta apar deoarece aceste substante se acumuleaza in organism atunci cand rinichii nu functioneaza asa cum ar trebui.
Simptomele insuficientei renale acute se dezvolta foarte repede, in cateva ore sau in cateva zile. Cele mai frecvente simptome sunt:
- Lipsa de energie si oboseala: acest simptom al insuficientei renale acute este de fapt rezultatul unei disfunctii timpurii a organelor din corpul dvs., care nu au concentratia corecta de electroliti pentru a functiona asa cum ar trebui.
- Pierderea poftei de mancare, greata si varsaturi
- Slabiciune musculara generalizata: muschii dvs. necesita electroliti pentru a putea functiona. Cand aveti insuficienta renala, acest lucru face ca functia musculara sa sufere.
- Batai rapide, lente sau neregulate ale inimii: bataile inimii sunt controlate de muschii cardiaci (inima) care se bazeaza pe un numar de electroliti importanti pentru a functiona corect. Corpul incearca sa pastreze functia inimii cat mai mult posibil. Daca corpul dumneavoastra nu poate compensa efectele insuficientei renale acute, functia inimii poate suferi, producand ritmuri cardiace neregulate. Acest lucru poate duce in cele din urma la lipsa unui aport adecvat de sange in tot corpul.
- Confuzie: acesta este un simptom grav al insuficientei renale acute, ceea ce inseamna ca creierul dvs. nu primeste o cantitate adecvata de sange. Daca aveti parte de stari de confuzie ca urmare a insuficientei renale acute, ati putea progresa rapid catre pierderea cunostintei sau coma.
Pierderea constiintei sau coma: Acest simptom inseamna ca creierului ii lipseste aportul adecvat de sange si poate duce la leziuni permanente, cu exceptia cazului in care primiti asistenta medicala urgenta.
Cauzele insuficientei renale acute
Rinichii sunt afectati de un numar important de factori, cum ar fi de exemplu tensiunea arteriala, medicamentele, starea generala de sanatate, dieta si cantitatea de apa pe care o bea o persoana.
Exista mai multe moduri diferite in care poate aparea insuficienta renala acuta. Orice lucru care afecteaza rapid rinichii, va reduce cantitatea de munca a acestora. Insuficienta renala acuta poate fi temporara sau poate fi semnul unei probleme mai mari.
Exista trei categorii principale de cauze ale insuficientei renale acute:
Prerenala
Aceasta categorie de IRA descrie cauzele care incep inainte ca sangele sa ajunga la rinichi. Tensiunea arteriala scazuta de exemplu, va aparea daca inima nu functioneaza eficient sau daca corpul devine sever deshidratat.
In acest caz, rinichii insisi nu sunt principala problema, dar sunt afectati de scaderea cantitatii de sange. Acest lucru face ca rinichii sa isi faca treaba de filtrare a sangelui.
Intrinseca
Aceasta descrie cauzele insuficientei renale in care rinichii insisi sunt afectati. Toxinele, inclusiv substantele chimice, drogurile si chiar unele medicamente prescrise, trebuie sa treaca prin rinichi si-i pot deteriora.
Exemple de medicamente care pot provoca insuficienta renala acuta includ materiale de contrast pentru testele imagistice.
Aceste tipuri de medicamente nu provoaca insuficienta renala acuta tuturor celor care le iau, altfel nimeni nu le-ar folosi vreodata. Dar pot provoca insuficienta renala acuta pentru unii oameni si poate fi greu de prezis daca veti avea aceasta reactie.
Postrenal
Aceasta descrie cauzele insuficientei renale care sunt inradacinate in tractul urinar, unde curge urina dupa ce a fost procesata de rinichi. Aceste cauze includ probleme care implica ureterele (tuburile care transporta urina catre vezica), vezica urinara sau uretra (tubul care transporta urina din vezica in afara corpului).
O piatra renala mare sau o tumora de exemplu, poate fi localizata in vezica sau in uretra. Daca este suficient de mare pentru ca urina sa nu poata trece.
Diagnosticul insuficientei renale acute
Exista anumite criterii pentru diagnosticul insuficientei renale acute . Daca aveti unul dintre urmatoarele trei criterii in decurs de 48 de ore, aceasta inseamna ca aveti insuficienta renala acuta:
- Daca creatinina serica (un test de sange care masoara functia rinichilor) creste cu .3 mg / dl
- Daca creatinina serica creste cu 50 la suta sau mai mult de la nivelurile normale
- Daca cantitatea de urina scade la 0,5 mililitri pe kilogram de greutate corporala pe ora mai mult de sase ore, urina poate incepe sa se retraga in cele din urma in rinichi. Aceasta presiune si fluxul de urina inapoi pot provoca hidronureteronefroza (dilatarea ureterelor si a rinichilor) si leziuni acute la rinichi.
Tratamentul insuficientei renale acute
Identificarea problemei si obtinerea tratamentului cat mai repede posibil este cea mai buna modalitate de a preveni afectarea rinichilor care provoaca probleme renale pe tot parcursul vietii sau necesita tratamente de dializa.
Tratamentele pot include:
- Fluide intravenoase (IV): O persoana care are insuficienta renala acuta din cauza deshidratarii severe dupa ce a suferit un accident vascular cerebral de caldura se poate imbunatati cu fluide IV . Atunci cand un volum scazut de lichid este un motiv pentru insuficienta renala acuta, furnizarea de lichide organismului poate ajuta la restabilirea nivelului de lichid.
- Oprirea utilizarii toxinelor: Daca insuficienta renala acuta este cauzata de un medicament sau supliment, tratamentul trebuie sa includa oprirea medicamentului.
- Dializa: Uneori este nevoie de dializa, o metoda prin care o masina poate face munca rinichiului prin eliminarea toxinelor si reglarea echilibrului fluidelor si electrolitilor.
In incheierea acestui articol, trebuie facuta precizarea ca informatiile prezentate au caracter pur informativ. Daca aveti simptome ale insuficientei renale acute, adresati-va cat mai repede medicului!
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